Records using class Neurons FiringProperties

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-2140593619
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -2140593619  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -847634651  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "Figure 7A and B illustrates that somatic action potentials were initiated by
the summed depolarization of the composite PSP and the attenuated dendritic
CA2+ action potential. Under these conditions , the somatic action potential
followed the dendritic action potential (Fig. 7A). The time of occurence of
the synaptically evoked dendritic action potential with respect to the somatic
action potential was dependent on activation of NMDAR channels. Addition of
APV (50 µM) eliminated initiation of a distal dendritic Ca2+ action potential
and only a somatic action potential was initiated which back-propagated into
the distal apical dendrite (Fig. 7B). Ca2+ action potentials initiated by
dendritic current injection also spread, strongly attenuated, to the soma and
if the somatic depolarization was of sufficient amplitude it could initiate
Na+ action potentials, presumably originating in the axon (see Stuart et al.
1997), which back-propagated into the distal dendrite (Fig. 7C). Thus, the
initiation site controlling the impulse output of the neuron remained in the
axo-somatic region (see also Stuart et al. 1997)."p.611
 
  Reference figures Fig. 7  
  Reference text p.611  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -847634651  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. -2140593619  


-1546107746
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -1546107746  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -253258512  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations -  
  Reference figures -  
  Reference text p.1189  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -253258512  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. -1546107746  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. -1546107746  
Neurons.ID Ref. -1546107746  


-381558745
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -381558745  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 986573713  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations -  
  Reference figures -  
  Reference text p.3178  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 986573713  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. -381558745  
Neurons.ID Ref. -381558745  


-225112611
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -225112611  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 39353653  
  Pattern Type FS  
  Citations "A brief deflection of one whisker also could evoke suprathreshold EPSPs in all
types of recordings....In FS cells, the suprathreshold EPSPs often triggered a
brief burst of two to three action potentials (Fig. 6B)."p.1175.
 
  Reference figures Fig.6B  
  Reference text p.1175  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 39353653  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons.ID Ref. -225112611  


-225112611
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -225112611  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 39353653  
  Pattern Type IB  
  Citations "A brief deflection of one whisker also could evoke suprathreshold EPSPs in all
types of recordings....IB cells always generated a stereotyped burst of action
potentials when the whisker-evoked EPSPs reached threshold (Fig. 6C).
 
  Reference figures Fig. 6C  
  Reference text p.1175  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 39353653  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons.ID Ref. -225112611  


-225112611
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -225112611  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 39353653  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "A brief deflection of one whisker also could evoke suprathreshold EPSPs in all
types of recordings....The RS cell typically elicited single regular action
potentials (Fig. 6A). A second action potential ocurred only
occasionally."p.1175.
 
  Reference figures Fig.6A  
  Reference text p.1175  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 39353653  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons.ID Ref. -225112611  


-225112611
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -225112611  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 975923916  
  Pattern Type FS  
  Citations "These cells could sustain high-fequency firing at ~200-300 Hz in response to a
strong depolarizing current (Fig. 1B) and thus were classified as fast-spiking
(FS)."p.1172-73.
 
  Reference figures Fig.1B  
  Reference text pp.1172-1173  
  Comments Presumably smooth stellate cell from layer 2/3.  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 975923916  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons.ID Ref. -225112611  


-225112611
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -225112611  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 975923916  
  Pattern Type IB  
  Citations "Ten neurons were classified as intrinsically bursting (IB) cells because they
responded to a depolarizing current injection with single or multiple
clusters, or bursts, of action potentials (Fig. 1C). Bursts consisted of three
to seven action potentials, with an average frequency within a burst ranging
from 250 to 400 Hz. Action potentials of IB cells ranged in duration from 2.10
to 3.28 ms with a mean of 2.76+-0.37 ms. Multiple bursts could often be evoked
at ~4-7 Hz in IB cells. Changing the intensity of the depolarizing current had
little consistens effect on the inerburst frequency. However, a large current
injection could evoke strong single bursts followed by more tonic, RS-like
firing wihtout spike bursts (Fig. 1C, middle)."p.1173.
 
  Reference figures Fig.1C  
  Reference text p.1173  
  Comments Presumably layer 5 pyramidal neurons.  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 975923916  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons.ID Ref. -225112611  


-225112611
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -225112611  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 975923916  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "Increasing the current intensity increased the firing frequency of RS cells,
but frequency adaption during the stimulus was strong; the sustained firing
frequency of RS cells never exceeded 100 Hz (Fig.1A)."p.1172.
 
  Reference figures Fig.1A  
  Reference text p.1172-1173  
  Comments Presumably encompassing both layer 2/3 and 5 pyramidal neurons.  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 975923916  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons.ID Ref. -225112611  


-225112611
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -225112611  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1722334649  
  Pattern Type FS  
  Citations "In some cells spontaneous EPSPs were large enough to reach firing threshold.
In such cases, the resulting firing pattern revealed the cell's intrinsic
physiological identity:...;FS cells often fired a short burst of two to three
brief action potentials at frequencies of 40-300 Hz (n = 7; Fig. 1B, bottom),
but occasionally they fired single action potentials when EPSPs were curtailed
by spontaneous IPSPs;"p.1174.
 
  Reference figures Fig. 1B  
  Reference text p.1174  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1722334649  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons.ID Ref. -225112611  


-225112611
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -225112611  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1722334649  
  Pattern Type IB  
  Citations ""In some cells spontaneous EPSPs were large enough to reach firing threshold.
In such cases, the resulting firing pattern revealed the cell's intrinsic
physiological identity:...; IB cells fired a stereotyped burst of three to
five longer-duration action potentials at 200-300 Hz (n = 6; Fig. 1C, bottom),
with a burst pattern very similar to that obtained with current injection
(Fig. 1C, top)."p.1174.
 
  Reference figures Fig. 1C  
  Reference text p.1174  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1722334649  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons.ID Ref. -225112611  


-225112611
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -225112611  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1722334649  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "In some cells spontaneous EPSPs were large enough to reach firing threshold.
In such cases, the resulting firing pattern revealed the cell's intrinsic
physiological identity: RS cells (n = 21; Fig. 1A, bottom) typically fired a
single action potentials, except in rare cases when a coinciding spontaneous
EPSP was large and prolonged enough to elicit two action potentials;"p.1174.
 
  Reference figures Fig. 1A  
  Reference text p.1174  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1722334649  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. -225112611  
Neurons.ID Ref. -225112611  


-193230293
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -193230293  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1004695855  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "All recorded cells exhibited regular spiking (Connors and Gutnick 1990) in
response to depolarization of the soma by injected current. No intrinsic
bursters or fast spiking cells (Connors and Gutnick 1990) were recorded."p.505

"In this cell inotophoresis (-60 nA) at a site 460 µM from the soma on the
apical dendrite evoked an initial, low-threshold, slow, action potential on
which was superimposed a higher-threshold, fast spike (Fig. 1, black trace).
The different time courses and thresholds of the fast and slow spikes are not
obvious at the slow sweep speed used in this figure (cf. Schwindt and Crill
1997). Similar fast spikes were eliminated by TTX application, and similar
slow spikes were eliminated by Cd2+ application (see following text). The
membrane potential response during the remainder of this iontophoresis
remained subthreshold for action potential initiation. A slightly larger
iontophoretic current (-70 nA) again evoked the initial Ca2+ and Na+ spikes,
which were then followed by a long-duration action potential (the plateau)
that repolarized only when the iontophoretic current was terminated (Fig. 1,
green trace). In all cells tested, a larger iotophoretic current (-80 nA in
Fig. 1) decreased the latency to plateau initiation but did not increase
plateau amplitude (Fig. 1, red trace). Similar plateaus were evoked by focal
iontophoresis of glutamate at 22 identified sited on the apical dendrite in
different experiments."pp.505-506
 
  Reference figures Fig. 1  
  Reference text pp.505-506  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1004695855  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. -193230293  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. -193230293  
Neurons.ID Ref. -193230293  


-51689092
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons -51689092  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 999521822  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "The input resistances of the neurons, measured before leak subtraction by the
steady-state current response to 20 mV hyperpolarizing commands from -60 mV,
were in the 1-10 GOhm range, with one exception (700 MOhm) ."p.1598
 
  Reference figures -  
  Reference text p.1598  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 999521822  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. -51689092  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. -51689092  


157159084
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 157159084  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 976116286  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "Regular-spiking (RS) neurons generated adapting spike patterns when stimulated
with current pulses, and formed excitatory synapses with all cell types".p.904
 
  Reference figures Fig.1  
  Reference text p.904  
  Comments RS: Regular spiking.
Excitatory.
 
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 976116286  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 157159084  


216257617
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 216257617  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 988275445  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "For example, isolated adult neurons with a characteristical pyramidal
morphology display relatively broad Aps (half-width approximately 3 msec at
22°C) with a slow rate of repolarization (Fig. 2A) and no significant spike
afterhyperpolarization following a single AP (Fig. 2A)."
 
  Reference figures Fig. 2  
  Reference text p.52  
  Comments Vrest and R_input not entered, since these were affected by isolation procedure
(see p.49).
 
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 988275445  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 216257617  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 216257617  
Neurons.ID Ref. 216257617  


400746295
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 400746295  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 976116286  
  Pattern Type FS  
  Citations "FS cells produced brief action potentials, with little or no adaption, and
formed inhibitory synaptic connections with all cell types."p.904
 
  Reference figures Fig. 1  
  Reference text p.904  
  Comments FS: Fast-Spiking.
Inhibitory.
 
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 976116286  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 400746295  


928878470
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 928878470  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 39353653  
  Pattern Type Complex  
  Citations "Suprathreshold in dendrites were as variable as their spontaneous responses
(Fig. 7, A-C); a suprathreshold whisker-evoked EPSP could evoke either a
small, fast spike (Fig. 7E) or a complex spike with both fast and slow, broad
components (Fig. 7F)."p.1175
 
  Reference figures Fig. 7  
  Reference text p.1175  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 39353653  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 928878470  
Neurons.ID Ref. 928878470  


928878470
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 928878470  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 975923916  
  Pattern Type Complex  
  Citations "We also recorded from five cells that generated complex action potentials
consisting of a fast spike with relatively small amplitude, followed by a
slow, long-duration spike with larger amplitude (Fig. 2, A and B). Increasing
the intensity of the depolarizing current enhanced the frequency of complex
spikes and often transformed them into a depolarizing plateau that ended only
when stimulus current was terminated (Fig. 2C). The firing pattern was
identical to some morphologically confirmed dendritic recordings from
pyramidal cells in vitro (Amitai et al; Kim and Connors 1993; Zhu and Sakmann
1997) and in vivo (Zhu and Sakmann 1998). Thus it seems very likely that our
complex spike recordings also were obtained from dendrites."p.1173.
 
  Reference figures Fig. 2  
  Reference text p.1173  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 975923916  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 928878470  
Neurons.ID Ref. 928878470  


928878470
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 928878470  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1722334649  
  Pattern Type Complex  
  Citations "In dendrites, the spontaneous firing pattern was more complicated (n = 5; Fig.
2D). A suprathreshold EPSP in dendrites elicited either a small-amplitude fst
spike or a complex spike with both fast and slow components."p.1174.
 
  Reference figures Fig. 2D  
  Reference text p.1174  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1722334649  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 928878470  
Neurons.ID Ref. 928878470  


976538574
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 976538574  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 663618204  
  Pattern Type Synchronous firing  
  Citations "When the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist ACPD (50 -100 µM) was
added to the bath, LTS cells quickly depolarized by about 10+-4 mV (n = 38),
and more than 90% of them began spiking with peak firing rates of 20-50
Hz."p.904

"Together, these results strongly imply that the close synchrony of activity
in neighboring LTS neurons is mediated by electrical synapses".p.905
 
  Reference figures Fig. 2,3  
  Reference text p.904  
  Comments Synchronous activity in LTS cells, both spikes and subthreshold events (  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 663618204  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 976538574  


976538574
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 976538574  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 976116286  
  Pattern Type LTS  
  Citations "LTS cells produced adapting spike patterns, generated rebound spikes after a
hyperpolarizing current pulse, and made frequent inhibitory synaptic
connections with RS and FS cells, but rarely inhibited other LTS cells."p.904
 
  Reference figures Fig. 1  
  Reference text p.904  
  Comments LTS: Low-Threshold-Spiking cell.
Inhibitory.
 
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 976116286  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 976538574  


988292479
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 988292479  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 988275445  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "Isolated stellate cells of the same age (P23) display much briefer APs
(half-width approximately 1 msec) with significant postspike
afterhypolarization (Fig. 2C)."
 
  Reference figures Fig. 2  
  Reference text p.52  
  Comments Vrest and R_input not entered, since these were affected by isolation procedure
(see p.49).
 
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 988275445  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 988292479  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 988292479  


989418859
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 989418859  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -315767312  
  Pattern Type IB  
  Citations "In almost two-thirds of the IB neurones (Fig.3A), the typical response to a
just-suprathreshold long-lasting depolarizing current pulses consisted of a
single initial burst of two to five closesly spaced APs, followed by a regular
train of non-accommodating individual APs, each followed by a prominent
depolarizing after-potential (DAP); in the remaining IB neurones the bursts
rhythmically recurred throughout the duration of the depolarizing current
pulse."
 
  Reference figures Fig.3A,4  
  Reference text p.111  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -315767312  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 989418859  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 989418859  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 989418859  
Neurons.ID Ref. 989418859  


989418859
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 989418859  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -315767312  
  Pattern Type RS(AD)  
  Citations "The RS(AD) neurones discharged in response to a suprathreshold depolarizing
current pulses with a train of individual APs showing prominent spike
frequency adaptation (Fig.3C);...but depolarizing shoulders following
repetetive APs were never found."
 
  Reference figures Fig.3C  
  Reference text p.111  
  Comments RS(AD)= Regular spiking adapting.  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -315767312  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 989418859  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 989418859  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 989418859  
Neurons.ID Ref. 989418859  


989418859
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 989418859  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -315767312  
  Pattern Type RS(NA)  
  Citations "The RS(NA) (Fig.3B) neurones discharged in response to a just-suprathreshold
depolarizing current pulse with a regular train of individual Aps, each
followed by a consistent DAP (Fig.3B, arrow), these neurones failed to show
any adaptation after the first interspike interval, which was commonly
slightly shorter than the subsequent ones. An early and transient spike
frequency adaptation was detectable only by injecting larger current pulses
that led to a considerable depolarization of Vm (by more than 12 mV in
comparison with Vrest), but burst firing could never be evoked under control
conditions."
 
  Reference figures Fig.3B  
  Reference text p.111  
  Comments RS(NA)= Regular spiking non-adapting. DAP = Depolarizing after-potential.  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -315767312  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 989418859  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 989418859  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 989418859  
Neurons.ID Ref. 989418859  


989418859
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 989418859  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 988981771  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "... with no significant differences among neurones showing, under control
conditions, different firing characteristics."
 
  Reference figures -  
  Reference text p.107  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 988981771  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 989418859  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 989418859  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 989418859  
Neurons.ID Ref. 989418859  


996756505
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 996756505  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -399777519  
  Pattern Type IB  
  Citations "The ionic currents responsible for the bursting activity were investigated by
means of pharmacological tests using agents acting on Ca2+, Na+ and K+
conductances.
Manipulations aimed at blocking different Ca2+ currents (13 neurons, each
perfused with several blockers) failed to impair bursting activity. In
Ca2+-free (Fig. 7A(3)) and Cd2+ or Co2+ (not shown)-substituted medium,
bursting activity often appeared to be enhanced, presumably though an
impairment of Ca2+-dependent K+ conductances. NiCl2 (up 1 mM) and amiloride
(up to 500 mM) (Fig.7A(2),B(2)), blocking the low threshold Ca2+ current [31],
as well as the other tested Ca2+ organic blockers, such as nicarpidine,
omega-conotoxin GVIA, and omega-agatoxin IVA (not shown in the figure) did not
change the shape and duration of burst discharges.
On the contrary, the pharmacological manipulations affecting Na+ currents were
found to be quite effective in the blocking bursting activity...Only perfusion
of TTX 0.5-1 µM reversed the IB firing mode to RS firing after 10-20 min,
before completely blocking the fast NA+ current responsible for APs; the first
derivative of the AP (Fig. 7C(4), inset) shows that burst disappearence
coincides with an initial reduction in the rise time of the AP."p.134-135.
 
  Reference figures Fig. 7, 8  
  Reference text p.134-135  
  Comments Speculation that NaP is responsible for burst firing (Discussion, p.137).  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -399777519  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons.ID Ref. 996756505  


996756505
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 996756505  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 996488643  
  Pattern Type IB  
  Citations "In the IB neurons, bursts of 2-5 APs characterised the 'threshold' response to
the injection of a depolarizing pulse leading the Vm few mV depolarized with
respect to the resting level (Fig. 1 C(1), D(1)). When supra-threshold
depolarizing pulses were injected, the burst in 29 (60.4%) IB cells was
elicited only at the onset of discharge, which then continued with low
frequency non-accomodating individual APs, associated with prominent DAPs that
were preceded by more or less evident fast AHPs (Fig. 1, inset C'(2),
D'(3))...In the remaining 19 IB neurons (39.6%) the bursts rhytmically
recurred (Fig. 1D(2)) in response to low intensity depolarizing pulses
(0.2-0.3 nA), whereas the pulses leading the Vm 15-20 mV depolarized with
respect to the resting level, ivariably changed the repetetive bursting to a
single burst followed by a non-adapting tonic discharge (Fig. 1D(3)). A
maximum frequency of 12 Hz for the recurrent bursting discharges was
observed."pp.130-131
 
  Reference figures Fig. 1, Table 1  
  Reference text pp.130-131  
  Comments 2 values for Rin given: 1. At maximum Vm deflection and 100-150 ms after pulse
onset.
 
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 996488643  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons.ID Ref. 996756505  


996756505
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 996756505  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 996488643  
  Pattern Type RS(AD)  
  Citations "The majority of the RS neurons (46 out of 59: 78%) behaved like the cells
shown in Fig. 1A (1-4). The individual Aps were followed by a pure
afterhyperpolarizing potential (AHP) that increased in duration during the
discharge and gave raise to a clear-cut spike frequency adaptation of variable
strength from cell to cell Fig. 1A (2)."pp.128-129.
 
  Reference figures Fig.1, Table 1  
  Reference text pp.128-129  
  Comments 2 values for Rin given: 1. At maximum Vm deflection and 100-150 ms after pulse
onset.
 
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 996488643  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons.ID Ref. 996756505  


996756505
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 996756505  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 996488643  
  Pattern Type RS(NAD)  
  Citations "A smaller group of 13 RS neurons (22%) showed no evidence of spike frequency
adaptation either at Vrest (Fig. 1B(1-2) or when the membrane was artificially
hyperpolarized (Fig. 1B(3)). In this subpopulation of non-adapting RS neurons,
DAPs were consistenly present at threshold, preceded by a more or less
pronounced fast AHP (Fig. 1, inset B'2)."p.129.
 
  Reference figures Fig. 1  
  Reference text p.129  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 996488643  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons.ID Ref. 996756505  


996756505
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 996756505  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 996581200  
  Pattern Type IB  
  Citations "Ca2+ spikes could be demonstrated in all af the neocortical neurons after
blocking Na+-dependent APs with TTX....In IB neurons, Ca2+ spike had a longer
decay time and a more complex shape; in addition a 'sub-threshold'
TTX-resistant broad depolarizing potential with a slow decay time appeared to
underlie Ca2+ APs."p.133
 
  Reference figures Fig.6  
  Reference text p.133-134  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 996581200  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons.ID Ref. 996756505  


996756505
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 996756505  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 996581200  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "Ca2+ spikes could be demonstrated in all of the neocortical pyramidal neurons
after blocking Na+-dependent APs with TTX...; in addition a 'sub-threshold'
TTX-resistant broad depolarizing potential with a slow decay time appeared to
underlie Ca2+ APs...Although evident in all IB neurons, it was by no means
specific for them since it could also be demonstrated in some of the RS
adapting neurons (Fig. 6B(3,4)) and was often more evident when the membrane
was artificially slightly hyperpolarized."p.133
 
  Reference figures Fig. 6  
  Reference text p.133-134  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 996581200  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons.ID Ref. 996756505  


996756505
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 996756505  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1087874376  
  Pattern Type IB  
  Citations "In the IB neurons, extracellular TEA consistently induced and even more
prolonged shoulder (Fig. 4B(1-4). This shoulder took off from less depolarized
levels (35-40 mV above the Vrest, corresponding to absolute Vm values ranging
from -30 to -35 mV) (Fig. 4B(4)), due to the persitstence of an early
repolarizing effect (Fig. 4B(2-4)), and reached a peak amplitude of 55-60 mV
with respect to Vrest (corresponding to absolute Vm values ranging from -15 to
+5 mV).
Intracellular CsCl loading initially enhanced the bursting activity of IB
neurons (Fig. 4C(1-4)), leading to a longer burst duration and, occasionally,
to a tendency to 'reburst' (Fig. 4C(2)) in the IB cells which under control
conditions showed an isolated initial burst in response to low amplitude
depolarizing pulses."p.132

"The contribution of I(AR) to the rectification observed in the IB neurons was
assessed by adding CsCl 2-3 mM to the superfusing medium (7 neurons). In both
the IB and the RS neurons the addition of CsCl slightly increased the input
resistance and either did not change the Vrest or induced a slight
hyperpolarization (2-7 mV). In the IB neurons it was effective in reversibly
blocking the depolarizing sag and, as shown in Fig. 5A(2), it was invariably
associated with a reduction in post-burst AHPs and with a facilitation of
burst recurrence, even in those IB neurons which fired a with a single initial
burst in control condition (Fig. 5A(1)). Extracellular CsCl concomitantly
reduced the depolarization evoked at the break of hyperpolarizing pulses,
delaying the occurence of a 'post-break' induced burst (Fig. 5A(5)."p.133
 
  Reference figures Fig. 4, 5  
  Reference text p.132, 133  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1087874376  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons.ID Ref. 996756505  


996756505
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 996756505  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1087874376  
  Pattern Type RS(AD)  
  Citations "Local administation of 20 mM TEA in RS adapting neurons significantly reduced
the repolarization rate of APs (Fig. 4A(1-4), and almost supressed spike
frequency adaptation (Fig. 4A(3)). The repolarizing phases of the APs were
typically modified by the occurrence of a shoulder arising 65-70 mV above
Vrest (corresponding to absolute Vm values ranging from 0 to +5 mV), which led
to a significant increase in AP duration (Fig. 4A(4))."p.132

"In the RS adapting neurons, extracellular CsCl inconstantly induced a slight
enhancement of firing frequency (Fig. 5B(2)), but did not change teh general
characteristics of the firing behaviour; in particular, it never promoted
bursting activity."p.133
 
  Reference figures Fig. 4, 5  
  Reference text p.132, 133  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1087874376  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 996756505  
Neurons.ID Ref. 996756505  


998993756
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 998993756  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 998925852  
  Pattern Type IB  
  Citations "The most obvious difference between the two cell classes was the ability of
all the SC-projecting cells but none of the neurons back-labeled from the CVC
to produce a characteristic burst of action potentials in response to a
suprathreshold injected current pulse (Fig.4). A variety of burst-firing
patterns were observed, but all consisted of two or more action potentials
riding on a depolarizing envelope."p.463
 
  Reference figures Fig. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Table 1.  
  Reference text pp.463-466  
  Comments SC= Superior Colliculus. CVC = Contalateral Visual Cortex. Also details on
rise/fall time/rate, peak amplitude, half-width amplitude of AP.
 
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 998925852  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 998993756  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. 998993756  
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 998993756  
Neurons.ID Ref. 998993756  


998993756
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 998993756  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 998925852  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "The CVC-projecting cells did not fire such bursts, and the membrane potential
always repolarized below the initial threshold before each successive spike
(Fig. 5). It would, however be misleading to term these cells
"regular-spiking" neurons, since many of them showed pronounced adaptation,
and some a tendency to fire a quite close pair of spikes to small current
injections."p.463
 
  Reference figures Fig. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Table 1.  
  Reference text pp.463-466  
  Comments SC= Superior Colliculus. CVC = Contalateral Visual Cortex. Also details on
rise/fall time/rate, peak amplitude, half-width amplitude of AP.
 
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 998925852  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 998993756  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. 998993756  
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 998993756  
Neurons.ID Ref. 998993756  


999248438
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 999248438  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 999097811  
  Pattern Type IB  
  Citations "Intrinsically bursting neurons (IB) (n=33) responded at threshold with a burst
of two to five closely-spaced APs. When suprathreshold depolarizing current
pulses were injected, the burst was elicited in two-thirds only at the onset
of the discharge; the firing subsequently continued with individual APs
followed by a prominent DAP and showing no evidence of SFA. In the remaining
intrinsically bursting neurons (IB), the burst rhytmically recurred in
response to low intensity depolarizing current pulses (0.2-0.3 nA), whereas
currents depolarizing the Vm 15-20 mV with respect to resting level invariably
changed the repetetive bursting to a single burst followed by a non-adapting
tonic discharge."p.1014 "Bot in immature and in adult neurons the membrane
deflection in response to the injection of hyperpolarizing current pulses had
a complex shape, including a depolarizing "sag" due to the anomalous
rectification (I(AR)) preceding a plateau (Fig. 3). This "sag" was found
present since the first postnatal week and was more prominent in RSna and IB
neurons compared to RSad neurons in all age groups (Table 1)."p.1016
 
  Reference figures Fig. 3, 4; Table 1, 3.  
  Reference text pp.1014-1016  
  Comments AP amplitude also given in Table 1.  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 999097811  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 999248438  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 999248438  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 999248438  
Neurons.ID Ref. 999248438  


999248438
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 999248438  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 999097811  
  Pattern Type RSad  
  Citations "The firing of adapting regular spiking neurons (RSad) (N=25) consisted of
individual APs, followed by a pure hyperpolarizing afterpotential (AHP), which
increased in duration during the discharge and gave rise to a clear-cut spike
frequency adaptation (SFA) of variable strength from cell to cell."p.1014

"Bot in immature and in adult neurons the membrane deflection in response to
the injection of hyperpolarizing current pulses had a complex shape, including
a depolarizing "sag" due to the anomalous rectification (I(AR)) preceding a
plateau (Fig. 3). This "sag" was found present since the first postnatal week
and was more prominent in RSna and IB neurons compared to RSad neurons in all
age groups (Table 1)."p.1016
 
  Reference figures Fig. 3, 4; Table 1, 3.  
  Reference text pp.1014-1016  
  Comments AP amplitude also given in Table 1.  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 999097811  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 999248438  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 999248438  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 999248438  
Neurons.ID Ref. 999248438  


999248438
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 999248438  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 999097811  
  Pattern Type RSna  
  Citations "The non-adapting regular spiking neurons (RSna) (n=12) constitute a small
group (17%) that fired with a train of individual APs which failed to show any
adaptation after the first interspike interval, commonly slightly shorter than
the subsequent ones; in these neurons, each AP was consistently followed by a
more or less evident depolarizing afterpotential (DAP)."

"Bot in immature and in adult neurons the membrane deflection in response to
the injection of hyperpolarizing current pulses had a complex shape, including
a depolarizing "sag" due to the anomalous rectification (I(AR)) preceding a
plateau (Fig. 3). This "sag" was found present since the first postnatal week
and was more prominent in RSna and IB neurons compared to RSad neurons in all
age groups (Table 1)."p.1016

"In the non-adapting cells, rectification led to a considerable divergence in
the I-V curves obtained by plotting peak and plateau voltage deflections
induced by means of the injection of hyperpolarizing current pulses of
increasing amplitude (Fig. 3A(2)). Superfusion of ACSF containing 0.2 mM of
CsCl was capable of removing this rectification phenomenon and slightly
delaying the post-break APs, without changing the firing characteristics of
the RSna neurons (Fig. 3C(1-2))."pp.1016-1017
 
  Reference figures Fig. 3, 4; Table 1, 3.  
  Reference text pp.1014-1017  
  Comments AP amplitude also given in Table 1.  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 999097811  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. 999248438  
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 999248438  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 999248438  
Neurons.ID Ref. 999248438  


1000126375
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1000126375  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 999704296  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "At a lower intensity, less than 50% of the intensity required for initiation
of somatic action potentials, a composite postsynaptic potential (PSP) was
recorded by the dendritic pipette which was strongly attenuated as it spread
to the soma (Fig. 1B). When the stimulus intensity was increased to about 60%
of the intensity for somatic action potential initiation, distal synaptic
stimulation evoked an all-or-none dendritic potential that did not, however,
propagate actively to the soma, where depolarization remained subthreshold
(Fig. 1B). This dendritic potential overshot a baseline set at 0 mV, with an
absolute dendritic membrane potential at the peak of 4.4+-2.5 mV
(mean+-S.E.M., n=12). ... Regenerative dendritic potentials evoked by distal
synaptic stimulation and restricted to apical dendrites were observed in
thirteen of fifteen dual dendritic and somatic voltage recordings (10
recording were from the apical trunk close to the bfurcation and 3 were from
the primary tuft branches). The regenerative potentials were on average
64+-1.2 mV in amplitude and were relatively long lasting with an average
half-width of 11.2 +-1.8 ms (n=12)."p.606

"To examine whether intrinsic electric membrane properties of apical dendrites
could account for the initiation of the distal regenerative potentials and
their attenuated spread to the soma, distal dendrites were depolarized briefly
by current injection. Figure 1C illustrates that depolarization of a primary
tuft branch could also initiate all-or-none distal regenerative which remained
subthreshold at the soma."pp-606-607
 
  Reference figures Fig. 1  
  Reference text pp.606-607  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 999704296  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1000126375  


1004375359
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1004375359  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1003935176  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "Before capacitive charging currents and series resistance were compensated,
hyperpolarizing voltage steps of 10 ms duration and 10-30 mV amplitude from a
holding potential of -60 mV were employed to calculate input resistance and to
estimate cell surface area (Fig. 1B; see methods). The decay of the capacitive
current transient was fitted best by two exponential functions. The fastest
time constant (6-65 µs) was likely due to the charging og the pipette tip (and
may have been lengthened artificially by low-pass filtering of these records).
The slower time constant (0.40-2.38 ms) was likely due to the capacitance of
the membrane because the surface area derived from this time constant
correlated with other measures of surface area (see METHODS). Passive
properties measured in 22 cells were as follows: input resistance, 3.5 +- 0.4
GOhm (mean +- SE); specific membrane resistance, 51.9 +- 6.8 KOhm-cm^2; cell
capacitance, 17.5 +- 1.2 pF (range: 7.0-29.8 pF)."p.1532
 
  Reference figures Fig. 1  
  Reference text p.1532  
  Comments Specific membrane resistance = 51.9+-6.8 KOhm-cm^2, cell capacitance =
17.5+-1.2pF (range 7.0-29.8 pF). Capacitance related to truncated cells
(acutely dissociated neurons).
 
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1003935176  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 1004375359  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1004375359  


1064193356
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1064193356  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -1067964602  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "Injections of depolarizing current into an apical dendrite of the model evoke
either trains of small, fast Na+ action potentials (Fig.2, left) that are
intermixed with (and superimposed on) slower Ca2+-mediated action potentials
(Fig.2, right)."p.912
"In our model, all of the fast spikes - those that are between and also those
that are superimposed on on the slow spikes - are initiated perisomatically
and backpropagate into the dendrites; this is the case both for tonic
intrasomatic and for tonic intradendritic curretn injections (data not
shown)."p.913
 
  Reference figures Fig. 2  
  Reference text pp.912-913  
  Comments    
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -1067964602  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1064193356  


1064193356
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1064193356  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -795178879  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "To establish whether these spikes or partial spikes originated in layer II
neuronal apical dendrites, we recorded from dendrites in SNAP-bathed slices
that showed at least one example of the spontaneous behavior above. Only 3/8
dendrites showed any spontaneous membrane potential transients at RMP (mean =
-62+- 8 mV). These transients took the form of either single dendritic spikes
originating from baseline (see Fig. 3), or smaller, brief depolarizations
which could occasionally precipitate a single dendritic spike (Fig.
8D),...suggesting that the bursts of partial spikes in SNAP do not arise from
the repetetive dendritic spiking."p.915
 
  Reference figures Fig.8  
  Reference text p.915  
  Comments    
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -795178879  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1064193356  


1064193356
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1064193356  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1064193145  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "Patterns of fast and slow dendritic action potentials, similar to those of
Fig.2, were in elicited in our own experimental recordings, examples of which
are shown in Fig.3A. Interestingly, the slow-action potentials ocrrued at
theta (4-12 Hz) frequencies, while the fast spikes occurred at gamma (30-70
Hz) frequencies, even when slow spikes were also present (Fig. 3, B and
C)."p.913
 
  Reference figures Fig.3  
  Reference text p.913  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1064193145  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1064193356  


1064194824
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1064194824  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -1892354029  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "Similar behavior was observed experimentally (data not shown) as BAPTA (0.3
mM) entered a layer 2/3 neuron from the recording electrode - although BAPTA
acts as a buffer of [Ca2+]i rather than imposing an exact ceiling. BAPTA
induced rhytmic bursting in all regular spiking cells tested (n =
10)."pp.916-917
 
  Reference figures -  
  Reference text pp.916-917  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -1892354029  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1064194824  


1064194824
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1064194824  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -1671068009  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "The model neuron in Fig. 6 had the same large gKC as for for Fig. 5, but now
persistent gNA was present (DNaP = 0.7). This model neuron fired spike
doublets over the current range of 0.15 to 0.75 nA (with between-doublet
frequency increasing linearly with the frequency). Larger currents produced
relatively little change in doublet or burst frequency, but there were
progressively more spikes/burst as the current increased. Within-burst firing
frequency for bursts evoked by large currents (e.g., Fig.6B2) ranged from 250
to 323 Hz."p.914

"Other autors have suggested a role of the persistent gNa in fast rhytmic
bursting based on both theoretical (Wang 1999) and experimental (Brumberg et
al. 2000) considerations. In our model also, persistant gNa favors the
occurence of rhytmic bursting, with brief ADPs following the bursts (Fig.
7).p.914
 
  Reference figures Fig. 6,7  
  Reference text p.914  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -1671068009  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1064194824  


1064194824
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1064194824  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -1665514842  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "The fact that bursting, in the model and in real cells becomes more intense
with gCa reduction, or with intracellular [Ca2+]i reduction, suggests that it
is suppression of one or more Ca2+-gated K+ conductances that underlies fast
rhytmic bursting, at least under some conditions. But which one(s) ? We were
not able to induce fast rhytmic bursting in regular spiking model neurons
solely by manipulation of the slow AHP conductance, gKAHP (data not shown). On
the other hand, simulated reductions of the fast voltage- and Ca2+ gated
conductance gKC (Kang et al. 1996) - which is fast enough to contribute to
action potential repolarization in hippocampal pyramidal neurons (Shao et al.
1999) - did lead to a transition from rhytmic spike to fast rhytmic bursting
(Fig. 11A), in a pattern similar to that seen with reduction of gCa, or with
reduction of intracellular [Ca2+]. Spikelets were sometimes observed during
the course of simulated bursts induced by reduction of gKC."p.917
 
  Reference figures Fig. 11  
  Reference text p.917  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -1665514842  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1064194824  


1064194824
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1064194824  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -1460621992  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "We also performed simulations in which a fixed ceiling was imposed on [Ca2+]i,
whose units, in the model are arbitrary (see methods). As this ceiling was
reduced during repeated injections of the same depolarizing current pulse
(data not shown), first rhytmic doublets appeared, and then rhytmic
bursts."p.916
 
  Reference figures -  
  Reference text p.916  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -1460621992  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1064194824  


1064194824
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1064194824  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -795178879  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "Bath application of 100 microM SNAP [a nitric oxide (NO) donor that enhances
persistent gNa (Hammarstrom and Gage 1999),5 experiments] resulted in
occasional spontaneous burst discharges at resting membrane potential in all
layer II neurons tested after 2 h (RMP -62+-3 mV, n =12). Injection of
depolarizing current to maintain membrane potential at -55 mV generated
repetetive single spiking in control conditions (spike frequency 14 +- 4 Hz, n
= 12). After 2-h exposure to SNAP, rhytmic bursting was seen at this membrane
potential in 8/12 cells tested (Fig. 8A). Bursting consisted of double spikes
occuring at a frequency of 20+- 5 Hz (n = 8) with an interspike frequency of
224+-12 Hz (n + 12). Spike doublets were accompanied by an ADP during rhytmic
bursting....The maximum hyperpolarization following the first spike was
significantly reduced when comparing control, single repetetive spikes (-4.5
+- 0.8 mV from the base of the action potential, 50 events per n = 8 cells, P
< 0.05)."pp.914-915

"The ADP was clearly evident in all examples of rhytmic bursting at -55 mV
(e.g., see Fig. 8, A and B)....However in the presence of SNAP (phenotyin
absent), 4/12 neurons displayed spontaneous bursts of action potentials from
RMP that were not accompanied by an ADP (e.g., Fig. 8C). In these cases, both
full and partial somatic spikes were evident (e.g., Fig. 8C,*,cf. Fig 7B).
Prevention of somatic spiking by injection of depolarizing current (+0.8 to
+1.2 nA) for >10 s, or hyperpolarizing current (-0.2 to -0.5 nA) revealed
persisting brief bursts of partial spikes. This suggested a non-somatic origin
for these events."p.915
 
  Reference figures Fig. 8  
  Reference text pp.914-915  
  Comments    
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -795178879  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1064194824  


1064194824
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1064194824  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -603030912  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "Both the ADP and the rhytmic bursting were prevented by bath application of
120 microM phenytoin (Fig. 8B); the effects of phenytoin were reversible after
washout (n =3 )."p.915
 
  Reference figures FIg. 8  
  Reference text p.915  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -603030912  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1064194824  


1064194824
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1064194824  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -586292050  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "Experimentally as well, IbTx (which blocks the BK channels that mediate gKC),
induces fast rhytmic bursting. Bath application of 50 nM IbTx transformed
repetetive spiking at a membrane potential of -55 mV into rhytmic bursting in
all cells tested (n = 6) (Fig. 11B). Burst frequency was 17 +- 4 Hz with a
within-burst spike frequency of 170 +- 14 Hz. Differences in the profile of
spike bursts were seen between rhytmic bursting generated by IbTx and SNAP
(see Fig. 8B). In both cases multiple spikes were accompanied by an ADP, but
with IbTx the postspike hyperpolarization was less evident, and both first and
second spikes in a burst were prolonged compared with controls."p.917
 
  Reference figures Fig. 11  
  Reference text p.917  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -586292050  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1064194824  


1064194824
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1064194824  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 842933658  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "Both Brumberg et al. (2000) and Nishimura et al. (2001) used ionic
manipulations to show that blocking gCa not only fails to suppress rhytmic
bursting, but may even enhance it. In our model as well (data not shown),
progressive blockade of gCa converted rhytmic single action potentials to
rhytmic doublets, and then to rhytmic bursts. These simulations were done
without persistant gNa, and with a relatively high-density of gKC (DNaP = 0,
DKC = 1.6)."p.916
 
  Reference figures -  
  Reference text p.916  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 842933658  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1064194824  


1064194824
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1064194824  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1064194393  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "The response of the model neuron to somatic depolarizing currents was somewhat
different from dendritic depolarizing currents, even when persistent gNa was
blocked (Fig. 4). As the current increased, rhytmic firing - which started as
single isolated spikes - became associated with spike doublets, and brief
bursts, with interburst frequencies at ~20 to ~40 Hz, and within-burst spike
intervals ~5 ms (1.1 nA) to ~4-4.5 ms (1.5 ms)....Still larger depolarizing
currents produced high-frequency tonic firing. The overall pattern of behavior
is similar to that reported by Steriade et al. (1998). [See also Fig. 3.7 in
Steriade (2001) ]."p.913

"The model neuron in Fig. 5 had no persistant gNa and gKC was large. This cell
fired rhytmic single spikes over the range of somatic current injections 0.15
to 1.05 nA; fiting frequency increased approximately linearly with current
amplitude. For larger current injections, however, the model neuron started to
fire spike doublets. A 2-s simulation was also run (not shown) in which the
injected current was ramped slowly from 0.75 to 1.35 nA. Rhytmic single spikes
switched to single-spike/spike-doublet pairs at about 1.1 nA, which again
switched to just rhytmic doublets at about 1.2 nA."pp.913-914
 
  Reference figures Fig. 4,5  
  Reference text pp.913-914  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1064194393  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1064194824  


1064194824
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1064194824  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1064201373  
  Pattern Type -  
  Citations "The simulations in Fig.9 support the idea that SNAP- induced spontaneous runs
of somatic spikelets arise in the axon, rather than in the dendrites...In Fig.
9, we injected small current pulses into the model axon, producing brief fast
trains of axonal spikes. As expected from similar simulations of CA3 pyramidal
cells (Draguhn et al. 1998), axonal spike trains produced somatic
spikelets."pp.915-916

"The simulation of Fig. 10 shows that an axonal spike can, in principle, lead
to a spike ADP, even without persistent gNa. This phenomenon could contribute
to the relatively sharp spike ADPs that are sometimes shown in the literature,
in neurons capable of FRB (e.g., Fig. 3.7B1 in Steriade 2001)."p.916
 
  Reference figures Fig.9,10  
  Reference text pp.915-916  
  Comments    
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1064201373  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1064194824  


1940208406
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1940208406  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -1633605921  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "To test this hypothesis, glutamate was iontophoresed at two dendritic sites.
At each site the iontophoretic current was adjusted to evoke a all-or-none
spike and plateau potential. The iontophoretic current at one site (e.g., the
distal site in Fig. 9A) was delayed with respect to the iontophoresis at the
other site so that response amplitudes before, during and after a period of
simultaneous iontophoresis at both sites could be compared ... In Fig. 9A,
transient Ca2+ spikes and plateaus of different amplitudes were evoked at the
proximal site alone (373 µm from the soma; trace P) and at the distal site
alone (580 µm from the soma; trace D). During the period of combined
simultaneous iontophoresis (trace C), the amplitudes of both the initial
transient Ca2+ spike and the plateau were nearly identical to those evoked by
the proximal iontophoresis alone ... In each of four cells tested,
simultaneous iontophoresis on proximal and distal sites produced similar
results: the simultaneous iontophoresis evoked a plateau whose amplitude was
similar to that evoked by the proximal iontophoresis alone. These experiments
suggest that, in addition to limiting glutamate-evoked currents in the
plateau-generating region, plateaus can also isolate the soma from glutamate
currents generated in more distal regions."p.522

"The summing properties of dendritic currents that do not flow through a
plateau region was tested by glutamate iontophoresis on separate dendrites.
Figure 9B shows plateaus evoked individually by iontophoresis on a basal
dendrite 128 µm from the soma (trace B) and on the apical dendrite 580 µm from
the soma (trace A). An initial Ca2+ spike preceded the plateau evoked on the
apical dendrite (trace A), but, as described in the preceding text, transient
Ca2+ spikes never preceded plateaus evoked on basal dendrites ... During the
period of simultaneous iontophoresis on both dendrites, membrane potential
both at the peak of the initial Ca2+ spike and during the plateau was more
depolarized than during the response evoked by iontophoresis on the apical
dendrite alone ... The depolarization evoked by simultaneous iontophoresis at
both dendrites in Fig. 9B was smaller than the algebraic sum of the
depolarizations evoked by the individual iontophoresis on each dendrite ...
Thus we ascribe the sublinear summation of the individual plateaus during the
simultaneous iontophoresis in Fig. 9B to the same mechanishm, namely, outward
rectification in the soma membrane."pp.522-523
 
  Reference figures Fig. 9  
  Reference text pp.521-523  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -1633605921  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1940208406  


1940208406
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1940208406  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology -1403035255  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "Sites on the fine branches of the distal apical tuft could not be tested
because K+-Lucifer xellow dye did not diffuse to these sites in high enough
concentration to visualize them accurately within the time frame of the
experiments. However, sites beyond the primary apical branch point could be
visualized. In the experiment of Fig. 8B, an iontophoretic electrode was
placed at a site 730 µm from the soma (~200 µm beyond the primary apical
branch point), and a plateau (preceeded by a transient Ca2+ spike) was evoked
(trace 2). Plateau were evoked beyond the primary apical branch point at 14/15
sites tested in 14 cells."p.520-521
 
  Reference figures Fig. 8  
  Reference text pp.520-521  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. -1403035255  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1940208406  


1940208406
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1940208406  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 40296339  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "Previously, it was found that plateaus at some sites could be blocked
completely (but reversibly) by either Cd2+ or TTX (Schwindt and Crill 1999).
Thus the possible dependence of the plateau on inward current flowing through
other types of ion channels was also investigated. A role for the persistent
Na+ current at some sited was indicated by the blockade of plateaus after the
addition of 1 µM TTX in 3 of 15 cells tested."p.518
 
  Reference figures -  
  Reference text p.518  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 40296339  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1940208406  


1940208406
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1940208406  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 180206585  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "The abolition of the plateau by 200 µM Cd2+ was observed in each cell tested
in this study (n = 6), which identifies it as dependent on Ca2+ influx through
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (cf. Schwindt and Crill 1999)."p.518
 
  Reference figures Fig. 6  
  Reference text p.518  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 180206585  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1940208406  


1940208406
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1940208406  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 189932712  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "Plateaus were evoked on apical-oblique dendrites at 7/9 sites tested in seven
cells. In Fig. 8C, a plateau was evoked when the iontophoretic electrode was
placed 20 µm out on an ablique dendrite that arose from the apical dendrite at
60 µm from the soma. To observe the underlying plateau, it was necessary to
hyperpolarize the soma with DC current to block Na+ spikes. In this cell
iontophoresis on the apical dendrite within 100 µm of the soma did not evoke
all-or-none responses. Thus the all-or-none response of Fig. 8C was not caused
by glutamate diffusion to the apical dendrite."p.521
 
  Reference figures Fig. 8  
  Reference text p.521  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 189932712  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1940208406  


1940208406
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1940208406  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 515071704  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "Current flowing through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channels also can evoke
regenerative responses in neocortical neurons (Flatman et al. 1986) as a
consequence of the N-shaped current-voltage relationship of NMDA-sensitive
glutamate receptor channels in the presence of Mg2+ (Nowak et al. 1984). A
role for current through NMDA-sensitive channels at some sites was indicated
by the abolition of plateaus by 100 µM AP-5 in two of five cells tested."p.518
 
  Reference figures -  
  Reference text p.518  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 515071704  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1940208406  


1940208406
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1940208406  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1004788506  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "Focal iontophoresis of glutamate was used to depolarize site on the apical
dendrite up to 730 µm from the soma, and the evoked firing patterns were
studied...At sites >200 µm from the soma (32 sited tested), low-amplitude
iontophoretic currents evoked regular spiking (Fig. 2, A and B). Increasing
the iontophoretic current to a critical value evoked a complex firing response
that consisted of an initial epoch of burst firing followed by a longer period
of regular spiking (n = 27/32 sites, Fig. 2C). During the initial burst firing
epoch, each burst of two to four spikes were separated by large
hyperpolarizing afterpotentials (Fig. 2, C and D) ... Increases in
iontophoretic current above the "threshold" value that first evoked the
complex response reduced the number of initial bursts and increased the
duration of the later regular spiking ... Once complex firing was evoked,
further increases in iontophoretic current did not increase the rate of
regular spiking ... Evidence presented in the following text will show that
this apparent saturation of firing rate is not caused by a saturation of the
cell's firing mechanism nor by a saturation of the iontophoretic system nor by
a saturation of the glutamate receptors at the dendritic site. Rather, as
shown previously (Schwindt and Crill 1999), it is caused by the initiation of
a localized, all-or-nothing, long-duration Ca2+ spike (a plateau)."pp.516-517

"To study the properties of current flowing from dendrite to soma, a glutamate
iotophoresis that evoked a complex response was combined with at
hyperpolarization of the soma (by current injection through the recording
pipette) to reduce or eliminate Na+ spiking. This procedure revealed a late,
long-lasting plateau depolarization that could be evoked all-(Fig. 5,
3)-or-none (Fig. 5, 1) by varying iontophoretic current strength ... Plateau
amplitude (18 mV in Fig. 5) was measured as the difference between the peak
depolarization during a plateau (indicated by - - - in Fig. 5) and the peak
depolarization during a just-subthreshold response."p.518

"Figure 7A shows that plateau amplitude (measured at the soma as in Fig. 5)
decreased with the iontophoretic distance from the soma along the apical
dendrite. These data are fit with a line (least-squares method) having a slope
of -2.5 mV/100 µm. The data of Fig. 7 are consistent with the decremental
propagation of the plateau to the soma ... Similar evidence for decremental
conduction, and its dependence on the activation of dendritic
tetraethylammonium-dependent K+ currents, was obtained previously for the
transient Ca2+ spikes (Schwindt and Crill 1999)."pp.519-520
 
  Reference figures Fig. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7  
  Reference text pp.516-520  
  Comments Several plots of firing rate vs. time and iontophoretic current.  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1004788506  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1940208406  


1940208406
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1940208406  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1005052010  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "In contrast to the result of dendritic depolarization, depolarization of the
soma either with injected current (n = 15) or with glutamate iontophoresis (n
= 3) evoked only regular repetetive firing in every cell tested (Fig. 4, A-D)
... Iontophoresis of glutamate within the first 100 µm of the apical dendrite
also evoked graded regular spiking and a linear frequency-current relation (n
= 3, data not shown). Both current injected into the soma and glutamate
iontophoresis on the soma could evoke a firing rate >=30% faster than the
regular spiking rate evoked by dendritic iontophoresis in the same cell (n =
15 cells tested). Thus the saturation of the rate of late regular spiking
during dendritic depolarization was due neither to saturation of the cells'
spike-generating mechanism nor to a nonlinear iontophoretic system."p.517
 
  Reference figures Fig. 4  
  Reference text p.517  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1005052010  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1940208406  


1940208406
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1940208406  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1675734691  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "Plateaus were evoked on basal dendrites at 7/8 sites tested in seven cells.
Figure 8D shows the all-(traces 2 and 3)-or-none (trace 1) initiation of a
much smaller plateau on a basal dendrite 100 µm from the soma. Unlike the
responses at other dendrites, no plateau evoked on a basal dendrite was
preceeded by a Ca2+ spike. Plateaus could be evoked closer to the soma (50-100
µm) on basal dendrites than on the apical dendrite. All plateaus initiated in
basal dendrites were much smaller than those initiated on the apical dendrite
at comparable distances from the soma (Fig. 7, X)."p.521
 
  Reference figures Fig. 7, 8  
  Reference text p.521  
  Comments -  
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1675734691  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons.ID Ref. 1940208406  


1957510085
Neurons FiringProperties
View Neurons FiringProperties Records 65 records
  ID Neurons 1957510085  
  ID Methods Electrophysiology 1004972372  
  Pattern Type RS  
  Citations "Ninety-two visually identified layer 5 pyramidal neurons were studied in
slices from 59 rats. ...and all recorded cells exhibited regular spiking
(Connors and Gutnick 1990) in responce to depolarization of the soma by
injected current. No intrinsic bursting or fast spiking cells (Connors and
Gutnick 1990) were found."pp.515-516
 
  Reference figures Fig. 1  
  Reference text pp.515-516  
  Comments    
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. 1004972372  
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. 1957510085  
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref.    
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. 1957510085  
Neurons.ID Ref. 1957510085