Records using class Neurons FiringProperties |
[compact view] |
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| ID Neurons | -2140593619 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -847634651 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"Figure 7A and B illustrates that somatic action potentials were initiated by the summed depolarization of the composite PSP and the attenuated dendritic CA2+ action potential. Under these conditions , the somatic action potential followed the dendritic action potential (Fig. 7A). The time of occurence of the synaptically evoked dendritic action potential with respect to the somatic action potential was dependent on activation of NMDAR channels. Addition of APV (50 µM) eliminated initiation of a distal dendritic Ca2+ action potential and only a somatic action potential was initiated which back-propagated into the distal apical dendrite (Fig. 7B). Ca2+ action potentials initiated by dendritic current injection also spread, strongly attenuated, to the soma and if the somatic depolarization was of sufficient amplitude it could initiate Na+ action potentials, presumably originating in the axon (see Stuart et al. 1997), which back-propagated into the distal dendrite (Fig. 7C). Thus, the initiation site controlling the impulse output of the neuron remained in the axo-somatic region (see also Stuart et al. 1997)."p.611 |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 7 | |||||
| Reference text | p.611 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -847634651 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -2140593619 | ||||
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| ID Neurons | -1546107746 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -253258512 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations | - | |||||
| Reference figures | - | |||||
| Reference text | p.1189 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -253258512 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | -1546107746 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | -1546107746 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -1546107746 | ||||
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| ID Neurons | -381558745 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 986573713 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations | - | |||||
| Reference figures | - | |||||
| Reference text | p.3178 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 986573713 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | -381558745 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -381558745 | ||||
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | -225112611 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 39353653 | |||||
| Pattern Type | FS | |||||
| Citations |
"A brief deflection of one whisker also could evoke suprathreshold EPSPs in all types of recordings....In FS cells, the suprathreshold EPSPs often triggered a brief burst of two to three action potentials (Fig. 6B)."p.1175. |
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| Reference figures | Fig.6B | |||||
| Reference text | p.1175 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 39353653 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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| ID Neurons | -225112611 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 39353653 | |||||
| Pattern Type | IB | |||||
| Citations |
"A brief deflection of one whisker also could evoke suprathreshold EPSPs in all types of recordings....IB cells always generated a stereotyped burst of action potentials when the whisker-evoked EPSPs reached threshold (Fig. 6C). |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 6C | |||||
| Reference text | p.1175 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 39353653 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | -225112611 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 39353653 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"A brief deflection of one whisker also could evoke suprathreshold EPSPs in all types of recordings....The RS cell typically elicited single regular action potentials (Fig. 6A). A second action potential ocurred only occasionally."p.1175. |
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| Reference figures | Fig.6A | |||||
| Reference text | p.1175 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 39353653 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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| ID Neurons | -225112611 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 975923916 | |||||
| Pattern Type | FS | |||||
| Citations |
"These cells could sustain high-fequency firing at ~200-300 Hz in response to a strong depolarizing current (Fig. 1B) and thus were classified as fast-spiking (FS)."p.1172-73. |
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| Reference figures | Fig.1B | |||||
| Reference text | pp.1172-1173 | |||||
| Comments | Presumably smooth stellate cell from layer 2/3. | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 975923916 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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| ID Neurons | -225112611 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 975923916 | |||||
| Pattern Type | IB | |||||
| Citations |
"Ten neurons were classified as intrinsically bursting (IB) cells because they responded to a depolarizing current injection with single or multiple clusters, or bursts, of action potentials (Fig. 1C). Bursts consisted of three to seven action potentials, with an average frequency within a burst ranging from 250 to 400 Hz. Action potentials of IB cells ranged in duration from 2.10 to 3.28 ms with a mean of 2.76+-0.37 ms. Multiple bursts could often be evoked at ~4-7 Hz in IB cells. Changing the intensity of the depolarizing current had little consistens effect on the inerburst frequency. However, a large current injection could evoke strong single bursts followed by more tonic, RS-like firing wihtout spike bursts (Fig. 1C, middle)."p.1173. |
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| Reference figures | Fig.1C | |||||
| Reference text | p.1173 | |||||
| Comments | Presumably layer 5 pyramidal neurons. | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 975923916 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | -225112611 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 975923916 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"Increasing the current intensity increased the firing frequency of RS cells, but frequency adaption during the stimulus was strong; the sustained firing frequency of RS cells never exceeded 100 Hz (Fig.1A)."p.1172. |
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| Reference figures | Fig.1A | |||||
| Reference text | p.1172-1173 | |||||
| Comments | Presumably encompassing both layer 2/3 and 5 pyramidal neurons. | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 975923916 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | -225112611 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1722334649 | |||||
| Pattern Type | FS | |||||
| Citations |
"In some cells spontaneous EPSPs were large enough to reach firing threshold. In such cases, the resulting firing pattern revealed the cell's intrinsic physiological identity:...;FS cells often fired a short burst of two to three brief action potentials at frequencies of 40-300 Hz (n = 7; Fig. 1B, bottom), but occasionally they fired single action potentials when EPSPs were curtailed by spontaneous IPSPs;"p.1174. |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 1B | |||||
| Reference text | p.1174 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1722334649 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | -225112611 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1722334649 | |||||
| Pattern Type | IB | |||||
| Citations |
""In some cells spontaneous EPSPs were large enough to reach firing threshold. In such cases, the resulting firing pattern revealed the cell's intrinsic physiological identity:...; IB cells fired a stereotyped burst of three to five longer-duration action potentials at 200-300 Hz (n = 6; Fig. 1C, bottom), with a burst pattern very similar to that obtained with current injection (Fig. 1C, top)."p.1174. |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 1C | |||||
| Reference text | p.1174 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1722334649 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | -225112611 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1722334649 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"In some cells spontaneous EPSPs were large enough to reach firing threshold. In such cases, the resulting firing pattern revealed the cell's intrinsic physiological identity: RS cells (n = 21; Fig. 1A, bottom) typically fired a single action potentials, except in rare cases when a coinciding spontaneous EPSP was large and prolonged enough to elicit two action potentials;"p.1174. |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 1A | |||||
| Reference text | p.1174 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1722334649 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -225112611 | ||||
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| ID Neurons | -193230293 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1004695855 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"All recorded cells exhibited regular spiking (Connors and Gutnick 1990) in response to depolarization of the soma by injected current. No intrinsic bursters or fast spiking cells (Connors and Gutnick 1990) were recorded."p.505 "In this cell inotophoresis (-60 nA) at a site 460 µM from the soma on the apical dendrite evoked an initial, low-threshold, slow, action potential on which was superimposed a higher-threshold, fast spike (Fig. 1, black trace). The different time courses and thresholds of the fast and slow spikes are not obvious at the slow sweep speed used in this figure (cf. Schwindt and Crill 1997). Similar fast spikes were eliminated by TTX application, and similar slow spikes were eliminated by Cd2+ application (see following text). The membrane potential response during the remainder of this iontophoresis remained subthreshold for action potential initiation. A slightly larger iontophoretic current (-70 nA) again evoked the initial Ca2+ and Na+ spikes, which were then followed by a long-duration action potential (the plateau) that repolarized only when the iontophoretic current was terminated (Fig. 1, green trace). In all cells tested, a larger iotophoretic current (-80 nA in Fig. 1) decreased the latency to plateau initiation but did not increase plateau amplitude (Fig. 1, red trace). Similar plateaus were evoked by focal iontophoresis of glutamate at 22 identified sited on the apical dendrite in different experiments."pp.505-506 |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 1 | |||||
| Reference text | pp.505-506 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1004695855 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | -193230293 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | -193230293 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -193230293 | ||||
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| ID Neurons | -51689092 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 999521822 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"The input resistances of the neurons, measured before leak subtraction by the steady-state current response to 20 mV hyperpolarizing commands from -60 mV, were in the 1-10 GOhm range, with one exception (700 MOhm) ."p.1598 |
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| Reference figures | - | |||||
| Reference text | p.1598 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 999521822 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | -51689092 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | -51689092 | ||||
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| ID Neurons | 157159084 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 976116286 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"Regular-spiking (RS) neurons generated adapting spike patterns when stimulated with current pulses, and formed excitatory synapses with all cell types".p.904 |
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| Reference figures | Fig.1 | |||||
| Reference text | p.904 | |||||
| Comments |
RS: Regular spiking. Excitatory. |
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 976116286 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | 157159084 | ||||
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| ID Neurons | 216257617 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 988275445 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"For example, isolated adult neurons with a characteristical pyramidal morphology display relatively broad Aps (half-width approximately 3 msec at 22°C) with a slow rate of repolarization (Fig. 2A) and no significant spike afterhyperpolarization following a single AP (Fig. 2A)." |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 2 | |||||
| Reference text | p.52 | |||||
| Comments |
Vrest and R_input not entered, since these were affected by isolation procedure (see p.49). |
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 988275445 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 216257617 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 216257617 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | 216257617 | ||||
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| ID Neurons | 400746295 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 976116286 | |||||
| Pattern Type | FS | |||||
| Citations |
"FS cells produced brief action potentials, with little or no adaption, and formed inhibitory synaptic connections with all cell types."p.904 |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 1 | |||||
| Reference text | p.904 | |||||
| Comments |
FS: Fast-Spiking. Inhibitory. |
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 976116286 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | 400746295 | ||||
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| ID Neurons | 928878470 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 39353653 | |||||
| Pattern Type | Complex | |||||
| Citations |
"Suprathreshold in dendrites were as variable as their spontaneous responses (Fig. 7, A-C); a suprathreshold whisker-evoked EPSP could evoke either a small, fast spike (Fig. 7E) or a complex spike with both fast and slow, broad components (Fig. 7F)."p.1175 |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 7 | |||||
| Reference text | p.1175 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 39353653 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 928878470 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | 928878470 | ||||
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 928878470 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 975923916 | |||||
| Pattern Type | Complex | |||||
| Citations |
"We also recorded from five cells that generated complex action potentials consisting of a fast spike with relatively small amplitude, followed by a slow, long-duration spike with larger amplitude (Fig. 2, A and B). Increasing the intensity of the depolarizing current enhanced the frequency of complex spikes and often transformed them into a depolarizing plateau that ended only when stimulus current was terminated (Fig. 2C). The firing pattern was identical to some morphologically confirmed dendritic recordings from pyramidal cells in vitro (Amitai et al; Kim and Connors 1993; Zhu and Sakmann 1997) and in vivo (Zhu and Sakmann 1998). Thus it seems very likely that our complex spike recordings also were obtained from dendrites."p.1173. |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 2 | |||||
| Reference text | p.1173 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 975923916 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 928878470 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | 928878470 | ||||
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 928878470 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1722334649 | |||||
| Pattern Type | Complex | |||||
| Citations |
"In dendrites, the spontaneous firing pattern was more complicated (n = 5; Fig. 2D). A suprathreshold EPSP in dendrites elicited either a small-amplitude fst spike or a complex spike with both fast and slow components."p.1174. |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 2D | |||||
| Reference text | p.1174 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1722334649 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 928878470 | ||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | 928878470 | ||||
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 976538574 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 663618204 | |||||
| Pattern Type | Synchronous firing | |||||
| Citations |
"When the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist ACPD (50 -100 µM) was added to the bath, LTS cells quickly depolarized by about 10+-4 mV (n = 38), and more than 90% of them began spiking with peak firing rates of 20-50 Hz."p.904 "Together, these results strongly imply that the close synchrony of activity in neighboring LTS neurons is mediated by electrical synapses".p.905 |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 2,3 | |||||
| Reference text | p.904 | |||||
| Comments | Synchronous activity in LTS cells, both spikes and subthreshold events ( | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 663618204 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | 976538574 | ||||
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 976538574 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 976116286 | |||||
| Pattern Type | LTS | |||||
| Citations |
"LTS cells produced adapting spike patterns, generated rebound spikes after a hyperpolarizing current pulse, and made frequent inhibitory synaptic connections with RS and FS cells, but rarely inhibited other LTS cells."p.904 |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 1 | |||||
| Reference text | p.904 | |||||
| Comments |
LTS: Low-Threshold-Spiking cell. Inhibitory. |
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 976116286 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | 976538574 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 988292479 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 988275445 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"Isolated stellate cells of the same age (P23) display much briefer APs (half-width approximately 1 msec) with significant postspike afterhypolarization (Fig. 2C)." |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 2 | |||||
| Reference text | p.52 | |||||
| Comments |
Vrest and R_input not entered, since these were affected by isolation procedure (see p.49). |
|||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 988275445 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 988292479 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 988292479 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 989418859 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -315767312 | |||||
| Pattern Type | IB | |||||
| Citations |
"In almost two-thirds of the IB neurones (Fig.3A), the typical response to a just-suprathreshold long-lasting depolarizing current pulses consisted of a single initial burst of two to five closesly spaced APs, followed by a regular train of non-accommodating individual APs, each followed by a prominent depolarizing after-potential (DAP); in the remaining IB neurones the bursts rhythmically recurred throughout the duration of the depolarizing current pulse." |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig.3A,4 | |||||
| Reference text | p.111 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -315767312 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 989418859 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -315767312 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS(AD) | |||||
| Citations |
"The RS(AD) neurones discharged in response to a suprathreshold depolarizing current pulses with a train of individual APs showing prominent spike frequency adaptation (Fig.3C);...but depolarizing shoulders following repetetive APs were never found." |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig.3C | |||||
| Reference text | p.111 | |||||
| Comments | RS(AD)= Regular spiking adapting. | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -315767312 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 989418859 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -315767312 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS(NA) | |||||
| Citations |
"The RS(NA) (Fig.3B) neurones discharged in response to a just-suprathreshold depolarizing current pulse with a regular train of individual Aps, each followed by a consistent DAP (Fig.3B, arrow), these neurones failed to show any adaptation after the first interspike interval, which was commonly slightly shorter than the subsequent ones. An early and transient spike frequency adaptation was detectable only by injecting larger current pulses that led to a considerable depolarization of Vm (by more than 12 mV in comparison with Vrest), but burst firing could never be evoked under control conditions." |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig.3B | |||||
| Reference text | p.111 | |||||
| Comments | RS(NA)= Regular spiking non-adapting. DAP = Depolarizing after-potential. | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -315767312 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 989418859 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 988981771 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"... with no significant differences among neurones showing, under control conditions, different firing characteristics." |
|||||
| Reference figures | - | |||||
| Reference text | p.107 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 988981771 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 989418859 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 996756505 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -399777519 | |||||
| Pattern Type | IB | |||||
| Citations |
"The ionic currents responsible for the bursting activity were investigated by means of pharmacological tests using agents acting on Ca2+, Na+ and K+ conductances. Manipulations aimed at blocking different Ca2+ currents (13 neurons, each perfused with several blockers) failed to impair bursting activity. In Ca2+-free (Fig. 7A(3)) and Cd2+ or Co2+ (not shown)-substituted medium, bursting activity often appeared to be enhanced, presumably though an impairment of Ca2+-dependent K+ conductances. NiCl2 (up 1 mM) and amiloride (up to 500 mM) (Fig.7A(2),B(2)), blocking the low threshold Ca2+ current [31], as well as the other tested Ca2+ organic blockers, such as nicarpidine, omega-conotoxin GVIA, and omega-agatoxin IVA (not shown in the figure) did not change the shape and duration of burst discharges. On the contrary, the pharmacological manipulations affecting Na+ currents were found to be quite effective in the blocking bursting activity...Only perfusion of TTX 0.5-1 µM reversed the IB firing mode to RS firing after 10-20 min, before completely blocking the fast NA+ current responsible for APs; the first derivative of the AP (Fig. 7C(4), inset) shows that burst disappearence coincides with an initial reduction in the rise time of the AP."p.134-135. |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 7, 8 | |||||
| Reference text | p.134-135 | |||||
| Comments | Speculation that NaP is responsible for burst firing (Discussion, p.137). | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -399777519 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 996756505 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 996488643 | |||||
| Pattern Type | IB | |||||
| Citations |
"In the IB neurons, bursts of 2-5 APs characterised the 'threshold' response to the injection of a depolarizing pulse leading the Vm few mV depolarized with respect to the resting level (Fig. 1 C(1), D(1)). When supra-threshold depolarizing pulses were injected, the burst in 29 (60.4%) IB cells was elicited only at the onset of discharge, which then continued with low frequency non-accomodating individual APs, associated with prominent DAPs that were preceded by more or less evident fast AHPs (Fig. 1, inset C'(2), D'(3))...In the remaining 19 IB neurons (39.6%) the bursts rhytmically recurred (Fig. 1D(2)) in response to low intensity depolarizing pulses (0.2-0.3 nA), whereas the pulses leading the Vm 15-20 mV depolarized with respect to the resting level, ivariably changed the repetetive bursting to a single burst followed by a non-adapting tonic discharge (Fig. 1D(3)). A maximum frequency of 12 Hz for the recurrent bursting discharges was observed."pp.130-131 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 1, Table 1 | |||||
| Reference text | pp.130-131 | |||||
| Comments |
2 values for Rin given: 1. At maximum Vm deflection and 100-150 ms after pulse onset. |
|||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 996488643 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 996756505 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 996488643 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS(AD) | |||||
| Citations |
"The majority of the RS neurons (46 out of 59: 78%) behaved like the cells shown in Fig. 1A (1-4). The individual Aps were followed by a pure afterhyperpolarizing potential (AHP) that increased in duration during the discharge and gave raise to a clear-cut spike frequency adaptation of variable strength from cell to cell Fig. 1A (2)."pp.128-129. |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig.1, Table 1 | |||||
| Reference text | pp.128-129 | |||||
| Comments |
2 values for Rin given: 1. At maximum Vm deflection and 100-150 ms after pulse onset. |
|||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 996488643 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 996756505 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 996488643 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS(NAD) | |||||
| Citations |
"A smaller group of 13 RS neurons (22%) showed no evidence of spike frequency adaptation either at Vrest (Fig. 1B(1-2) or when the membrane was artificially hyperpolarized (Fig. 1B(3)). In this subpopulation of non-adapting RS neurons, DAPs were consistenly present at threshold, preceded by a more or less pronounced fast AHP (Fig. 1, inset B'2)."p.129. |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 1 | |||||
| Reference text | p.129 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 996488643 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 996756505 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 996581200 | |||||
| Pattern Type | IB | |||||
| Citations |
"Ca2+ spikes could be demonstrated in all af the neocortical neurons after blocking Na+-dependent APs with TTX....In IB neurons, Ca2+ spike had a longer decay time and a more complex shape; in addition a 'sub-threshold' TTX-resistant broad depolarizing potential with a slow decay time appeared to underlie Ca2+ APs."p.133 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig.6 | |||||
| Reference text | p.133-134 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 996581200 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 996756505 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 996581200 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"Ca2+ spikes could be demonstrated in all of the neocortical pyramidal neurons after blocking Na+-dependent APs with TTX...; in addition a 'sub-threshold' TTX-resistant broad depolarizing potential with a slow decay time appeared to underlie Ca2+ APs...Although evident in all IB neurons, it was by no means specific for them since it could also be demonstrated in some of the RS adapting neurons (Fig. 6B(3,4)) and was often more evident when the membrane was artificially slightly hyperpolarized."p.133 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 6 | |||||
| Reference text | p.133-134 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 996581200 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 996756505 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1087874376 | |||||
| Pattern Type | IB | |||||
| Citations |
"In the IB neurons, extracellular TEA consistently induced and even more prolonged shoulder (Fig. 4B(1-4). This shoulder took off from less depolarized levels (35-40 mV above the Vrest, corresponding to absolute Vm values ranging from -30 to -35 mV) (Fig. 4B(4)), due to the persitstence of an early repolarizing effect (Fig. 4B(2-4)), and reached a peak amplitude of 55-60 mV with respect to Vrest (corresponding to absolute Vm values ranging from -15 to +5 mV). Intracellular CsCl loading initially enhanced the bursting activity of IB neurons (Fig. 4C(1-4)), leading to a longer burst duration and, occasionally, to a tendency to 'reburst' (Fig. 4C(2)) in the IB cells which under control conditions showed an isolated initial burst in response to low amplitude depolarizing pulses."p.132 "The contribution of I(AR) to the rectification observed in the IB neurons was assessed by adding CsCl 2-3 mM to the superfusing medium (7 neurons). In both the IB and the RS neurons the addition of CsCl slightly increased the input resistance and either did not change the Vrest or induced a slight hyperpolarization (2-7 mV). In the IB neurons it was effective in reversibly blocking the depolarizing sag and, as shown in Fig. 5A(2), it was invariably associated with a reduction in post-burst AHPs and with a facilitation of burst recurrence, even in those IB neurons which fired a with a single initial burst in control condition (Fig. 5A(1)). Extracellular CsCl concomitantly reduced the depolarization evoked at the break of hyperpolarizing pulses, delaying the occurence of a 'post-break' induced burst (Fig. 5A(5)."p.133 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 4, 5 | |||||
| Reference text | p.132, 133 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1087874376 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 996756505 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1087874376 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS(AD) | |||||
| Citations |
"Local administation of 20 mM TEA in RS adapting neurons significantly reduced the repolarization rate of APs (Fig. 4A(1-4), and almost supressed spike frequency adaptation (Fig. 4A(3)). The repolarizing phases of the APs were typically modified by the occurrence of a shoulder arising 65-70 mV above Vrest (corresponding to absolute Vm values ranging from 0 to +5 mV), which led to a significant increase in AP duration (Fig. 4A(4))."p.132 "In the RS adapting neurons, extracellular CsCl inconstantly induced a slight enhancement of firing frequency (Fig. 5B(2)), but did not change teh general characteristics of the firing behaviour; in particular, it never promoted bursting activity."p.133 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 4, 5 | |||||
| Reference text | p.132, 133 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1087874376 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 996756505 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 998993756 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 998925852 | |||||
| Pattern Type | IB | |||||
| Citations |
"The most obvious difference between the two cell classes was the ability of all the SC-projecting cells but none of the neurons back-labeled from the CVC to produce a characteristic burst of action potentials in response to a suprathreshold injected current pulse (Fig.4). A variety of burst-firing patterns were observed, but all consisted of two or more action potentials riding on a depolarizing envelope."p.463 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Table 1. | |||||
| Reference text | pp.463-466 | |||||
| Comments |
SC= Superior Colliculus. CVC = Contalateral Visual Cortex. Also details on rise/fall time/rate, peak amplitude, half-width amplitude of AP. |
|||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 998925852 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 998993756 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | 998993756 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 998993756 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 998993756 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 998993756 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 998925852 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"The CVC-projecting cells did not fire such bursts, and the membrane potential always repolarized below the initial threshold before each successive spike (Fig. 5). It would, however be misleading to term these cells "regular-spiking" neurons, since many of them showed pronounced adaptation, and some a tendency to fire a quite close pair of spikes to small current injections."p.463 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Table 1. | |||||
| Reference text | pp.463-466 | |||||
| Comments |
SC= Superior Colliculus. CVC = Contalateral Visual Cortex. Also details on rise/fall time/rate, peak amplitude, half-width amplitude of AP. |
|||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 998925852 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 998993756 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | 998993756 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 998993756 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 998993756 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 999248438 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 999097811 | |||||
| Pattern Type | IB | |||||
| Citations |
"Intrinsically bursting neurons (IB) (n=33) responded at threshold with a burst of two to five closely-spaced APs. When suprathreshold depolarizing current pulses were injected, the burst was elicited in two-thirds only at the onset of the discharge; the firing subsequently continued with individual APs followed by a prominent DAP and showing no evidence of SFA. In the remaining intrinsically bursting neurons (IB), the burst rhytmically recurred in response to low intensity depolarizing current pulses (0.2-0.3 nA), whereas currents depolarizing the Vm 15-20 mV with respect to resting level invariably changed the repetetive bursting to a single burst followed by a non-adapting tonic discharge."p.1014 "Bot in immature and in adult neurons the membrane deflection in response to the injection of hyperpolarizing current pulses had a complex shape, including a depolarizing "sag" due to the anomalous rectification (I(AR)) preceding a plateau (Fig. 3). This "sag" was found present since the first postnatal week and was more prominent in RSna and IB neurons compared to RSad neurons in all age groups (Table 1)."p.1016 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 3, 4; Table 1, 3. | |||||
| Reference text | pp.1014-1016 | |||||
| Comments | AP amplitude also given in Table 1. | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 999097811 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 999248438 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 999248438 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 999248438 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 999248438 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 999248438 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 999097811 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RSad | |||||
| Citations |
"The firing of adapting regular spiking neurons (RSad) (N=25) consisted of individual APs, followed by a pure hyperpolarizing afterpotential (AHP), which increased in duration during the discharge and gave rise to a clear-cut spike frequency adaptation (SFA) of variable strength from cell to cell."p.1014 "Bot in immature and in adult neurons the membrane deflection in response to the injection of hyperpolarizing current pulses had a complex shape, including a depolarizing "sag" due to the anomalous rectification (I(AR)) preceding a plateau (Fig. 3). This "sag" was found present since the first postnatal week and was more prominent in RSna and IB neurons compared to RSad neurons in all age groups (Table 1)."p.1016 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 3, 4; Table 1, 3. | |||||
| Reference text | pp.1014-1016 | |||||
| Comments | AP amplitude also given in Table 1. | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 999097811 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 999248438 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 999248438 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 999248438 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 999248438 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 999248438 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 999097811 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RSna | |||||
| Citations |
"The non-adapting regular spiking neurons (RSna) (n=12) constitute a small group (17%) that fired with a train of individual APs which failed to show any adaptation after the first interspike interval, commonly slightly shorter than the subsequent ones; in these neurons, each AP was consistently followed by a more or less evident depolarizing afterpotential (DAP)." "Bot in immature and in adult neurons the membrane deflection in response to the injection of hyperpolarizing current pulses had a complex shape, including a depolarizing "sag" due to the anomalous rectification (I(AR)) preceding a plateau (Fig. 3). This "sag" was found present since the first postnatal week and was more prominent in RSna and IB neurons compared to RSad neurons in all age groups (Table 1)."p.1016 "In the non-adapting cells, rectification led to a considerable divergence in the I-V curves obtained by plotting peak and plateau voltage deflections induced by means of the injection of hyperpolarizing current pulses of increasing amplitude (Fig. 3A(2)). Superfusion of ACSF containing 0.2 mM of CsCl was capable of removing this rectification phenomenon and slightly delaying the post-break APs, without changing the firing characteristics of the RSna neurons (Fig. 3C(1-2))."pp.1016-1017 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 3, 4; Table 1, 3. | |||||
| Reference text | pp.1014-1017 | |||||
| Comments | AP amplitude also given in Table 1. | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 999097811 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | 999248438 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 999248438 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 999248438 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 999248438 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1000126375 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 999704296 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"At a lower intensity, less than 50% of the intensity required for initiation of somatic action potentials, a composite postsynaptic potential (PSP) was recorded by the dendritic pipette which was strongly attenuated as it spread to the soma (Fig. 1B). When the stimulus intensity was increased to about 60% of the intensity for somatic action potential initiation, distal synaptic stimulation evoked an all-or-none dendritic potential that did not, however, propagate actively to the soma, where depolarization remained subthreshold (Fig. 1B). This dendritic potential overshot a baseline set at 0 mV, with an absolute dendritic membrane potential at the peak of 4.4+-2.5 mV (mean+-S.E.M., n=12). ... Regenerative dendritic potentials evoked by distal synaptic stimulation and restricted to apical dendrites were observed in thirteen of fifteen dual dendritic and somatic voltage recordings (10 recording were from the apical trunk close to the bfurcation and 3 were from the primary tuft branches). The regenerative potentials were on average 64+-1.2 mV in amplitude and were relatively long lasting with an average half-width of 11.2 +-1.8 ms (n=12)."p.606 "To examine whether intrinsic electric membrane properties of apical dendrites could account for the initiation of the distal regenerative potentials and their attenuated spread to the soma, distal dendrites were depolarized briefly by current injection. Figure 1C illustrates that depolarization of a primary tuft branch could also initiate all-or-none distal regenerative which remained subthreshold at the soma."pp-606-607 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 1 | |||||
| Reference text | pp.606-607 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 999704296 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1000126375 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1004375359 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1003935176 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"Before capacitive charging currents and series resistance were compensated, hyperpolarizing voltage steps of 10 ms duration and 10-30 mV amplitude from a holding potential of -60 mV were employed to calculate input resistance and to estimate cell surface area (Fig. 1B; see methods). The decay of the capacitive current transient was fitted best by two exponential functions. The fastest time constant (6-65 µs) was likely due to the charging og the pipette tip (and may have been lengthened artificially by low-pass filtering of these records). The slower time constant (0.40-2.38 ms) was likely due to the capacitance of the membrane because the surface area derived from this time constant correlated with other measures of surface area (see METHODS). Passive properties measured in 22 cells were as follows: input resistance, 3.5 +- 0.4 GOhm (mean +- SE); specific membrane resistance, 51.9 +- 6.8 KOhm-cm^2; cell capacitance, 17.5 +- 1.2 pF (range: 7.0-29.8 pF)."p.1532 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 1 | |||||
| Reference text | p.1532 | |||||
| Comments |
Specific membrane resistance = 51.9+-6.8 KOhm-cm^2, cell capacitance = 17.5+-1.2pF (range 7.0-29.8 pF). Capacitance related to truncated cells (acutely dissociated neurons). |
|||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1003935176 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 1004375359 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1004375359 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1064193356 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -1067964602 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"Injections of depolarizing current into an apical dendrite of the model evoke either trains of small, fast Na+ action potentials (Fig.2, left) that are intermixed with (and superimposed on) slower Ca2+-mediated action potentials (Fig.2, right)."p.912 "In our model, all of the fast spikes - those that are between and also those that are superimposed on on the slow spikes - are initiated perisomatically and backpropagate into the dendrites; this is the case both for tonic intrasomatic and for tonic intradendritic curretn injections (data not shown)."p.913 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 2 | |||||
| Reference text | pp.912-913 | |||||
| Comments | ||||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -1067964602 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1064193356 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1064193356 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -795178879 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"To establish whether these spikes or partial spikes originated in layer II neuronal apical dendrites, we recorded from dendrites in SNAP-bathed slices that showed at least one example of the spontaneous behavior above. Only 3/8 dendrites showed any spontaneous membrane potential transients at RMP (mean = -62+- 8 mV). These transients took the form of either single dendritic spikes originating from baseline (see Fig. 3), or smaller, brief depolarizations which could occasionally precipitate a single dendritic spike (Fig. 8D),...suggesting that the bursts of partial spikes in SNAP do not arise from the repetetive dendritic spiking."p.915 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig.8 | |||||
| Reference text | p.915 | |||||
| Comments | ||||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -795178879 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1064193356 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1064193356 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1064193145 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"Patterns of fast and slow dendritic action potentials, similar to those of Fig.2, were in elicited in our own experimental recordings, examples of which are shown in Fig.3A. Interestingly, the slow-action potentials ocrrued at theta (4-12 Hz) frequencies, while the fast spikes occurred at gamma (30-70 Hz) frequencies, even when slow spikes were also present (Fig. 3, B and C)."p.913 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig.3 | |||||
| Reference text | p.913 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1064193145 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1064193356 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1064194824 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -1892354029 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"Similar behavior was observed experimentally (data not shown) as BAPTA (0.3 mM) entered a layer 2/3 neuron from the recording electrode - although BAPTA acts as a buffer of [Ca2+]i rather than imposing an exact ceiling. BAPTA induced rhytmic bursting in all regular spiking cells tested (n = 10)."pp.916-917 |
|||||
| Reference figures | - | |||||
| Reference text | pp.916-917 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -1892354029 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1064194824 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1064194824 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -1671068009 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"The model neuron in Fig. 6 had the same large gKC as for for Fig. 5, but now persistent gNA was present (DNaP = 0.7). This model neuron fired spike doublets over the current range of 0.15 to 0.75 nA (with between-doublet frequency increasing linearly with the frequency). Larger currents produced relatively little change in doublet or burst frequency, but there were progressively more spikes/burst as the current increased. Within-burst firing frequency for bursts evoked by large currents (e.g., Fig.6B2) ranged from 250 to 323 Hz."p.914 "Other autors have suggested a role of the persistent gNa in fast rhytmic bursting based on both theoretical (Wang 1999) and experimental (Brumberg et al. 2000) considerations. In our model also, persistant gNa favors the occurence of rhytmic bursting, with brief ADPs following the bursts (Fig. 7).p.914 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 6,7 | |||||
| Reference text | p.914 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -1671068009 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1064194824 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1064194824 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -1665514842 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"The fact that bursting, in the model and in real cells becomes more intense with gCa reduction, or with intracellular [Ca2+]i reduction, suggests that it is suppression of one or more Ca2+-gated K+ conductances that underlies fast rhytmic bursting, at least under some conditions. But which one(s) ? We were not able to induce fast rhytmic bursting in regular spiking model neurons solely by manipulation of the slow AHP conductance, gKAHP (data not shown). On the other hand, simulated reductions of the fast voltage- and Ca2+ gated conductance gKC (Kang et al. 1996) - which is fast enough to contribute to action potential repolarization in hippocampal pyramidal neurons (Shao et al. 1999) - did lead to a transition from rhytmic spike to fast rhytmic bursting (Fig. 11A), in a pattern similar to that seen with reduction of gCa, or with reduction of intracellular [Ca2+]. Spikelets were sometimes observed during the course of simulated bursts induced by reduction of gKC."p.917 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 11 | |||||
| Reference text | p.917 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -1665514842 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1064194824 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1064194824 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -1460621992 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"We also performed simulations in which a fixed ceiling was imposed on [Ca2+]i, whose units, in the model are arbitrary (see methods). As this ceiling was reduced during repeated injections of the same depolarizing current pulse (data not shown), first rhytmic doublets appeared, and then rhytmic bursts."p.916 |
|||||
| Reference figures | - | |||||
| Reference text | p.916 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -1460621992 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1064194824 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1064194824 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -795178879 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"Bath application of 100 microM SNAP [a nitric oxide (NO) donor that enhances persistent gNa (Hammarstrom and Gage 1999),5 experiments] resulted in occasional spontaneous burst discharges at resting membrane potential in all layer II neurons tested after 2 h (RMP -62+-3 mV, n =12). Injection of depolarizing current to maintain membrane potential at -55 mV generated repetetive single spiking in control conditions (spike frequency 14 +- 4 Hz, n = 12). After 2-h exposure to SNAP, rhytmic bursting was seen at this membrane potential in 8/12 cells tested (Fig. 8A). Bursting consisted of double spikes occuring at a frequency of 20+- 5 Hz (n = 8) with an interspike frequency of 224+-12 Hz (n + 12). Spike doublets were accompanied by an ADP during rhytmic bursting....The maximum hyperpolarization following the first spike was significantly reduced when comparing control, single repetetive spikes (-4.5 +- 0.8 mV from the base of the action potential, 50 events per n = 8 cells, P < 0.05)."pp.914-915 "The ADP was clearly evident in all examples of rhytmic bursting at -55 mV (e.g., see Fig. 8, A and B)....However in the presence of SNAP (phenotyin absent), 4/12 neurons displayed spontaneous bursts of action potentials from RMP that were not accompanied by an ADP (e.g., Fig. 8C). In these cases, both full and partial somatic spikes were evident (e.g., Fig. 8C,*,cf. Fig 7B). Prevention of somatic spiking by injection of depolarizing current (+0.8 to +1.2 nA) for >10 s, or hyperpolarizing current (-0.2 to -0.5 nA) revealed persisting brief bursts of partial spikes. This suggested a non-somatic origin for these events."p.915 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 8 | |||||
| Reference text | pp.914-915 | |||||
| Comments | ||||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -795178879 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1064194824 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1064194824 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -603030912 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"Both the ADP and the rhytmic bursting were prevented by bath application of 120 microM phenytoin (Fig. 8B); the effects of phenytoin were reversible after washout (n =3 )."p.915 |
|||||
| Reference figures | FIg. 8 | |||||
| Reference text | p.915 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -603030912 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1064194824 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1064194824 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -586292050 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"Experimentally as well, IbTx (which blocks the BK channels that mediate gKC), induces fast rhytmic bursting. Bath application of 50 nM IbTx transformed repetetive spiking at a membrane potential of -55 mV into rhytmic bursting in all cells tested (n = 6) (Fig. 11B). Burst frequency was 17 +- 4 Hz with a within-burst spike frequency of 170 +- 14 Hz. Differences in the profile of spike bursts were seen between rhytmic bursting generated by IbTx and SNAP (see Fig. 8B). In both cases multiple spikes were accompanied by an ADP, but with IbTx the postspike hyperpolarization was less evident, and both first and second spikes in a burst were prolonged compared with controls."p.917 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 11 | |||||
| Reference text | p.917 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -586292050 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1064194824 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1064194824 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 842933658 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"Both Brumberg et al. (2000) and Nishimura et al. (2001) used ionic manipulations to show that blocking gCa not only fails to suppress rhytmic bursting, but may even enhance it. In our model as well (data not shown), progressive blockade of gCa converted rhytmic single action potentials to rhytmic doublets, and then to rhytmic bursts. These simulations were done without persistant gNa, and with a relatively high-density of gKC (DNaP = 0, DKC = 1.6)."p.916 |
|||||
| Reference figures | - | |||||
| Reference text | p.916 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 842933658 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1064194824 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1064194824 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1064194393 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"The response of the model neuron to somatic depolarizing currents was somewhat different from dendritic depolarizing currents, even when persistent gNa was blocked (Fig. 4). As the current increased, rhytmic firing - which started as single isolated spikes - became associated with spike doublets, and brief bursts, with interburst frequencies at ~20 to ~40 Hz, and within-burst spike intervals ~5 ms (1.1 nA) to ~4-4.5 ms (1.5 ms)....Still larger depolarizing currents produced high-frequency tonic firing. The overall pattern of behavior is similar to that reported by Steriade et al. (1998). [See also Fig. 3.7 in Steriade (2001) ]."p.913 "The model neuron in Fig. 5 had no persistant gNa and gKC was large. This cell fired rhytmic single spikes over the range of somatic current injections 0.15 to 1.05 nA; fiting frequency increased approximately linearly with current amplitude. For larger current injections, however, the model neuron started to fire spike doublets. A 2-s simulation was also run (not shown) in which the injected current was ramped slowly from 0.75 to 1.35 nA. Rhytmic single spikes switched to single-spike/spike-doublet pairs at about 1.1 nA, which again switched to just rhytmic doublets at about 1.2 nA."pp.913-914 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 4,5 | |||||
| Reference text | pp.913-914 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1064194393 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1064194824 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1064194824 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1064201373 | |||||
| Pattern Type | - | |||||
| Citations |
"The simulations in Fig.9 support the idea that SNAP- induced spontaneous runs of somatic spikelets arise in the axon, rather than in the dendrites...In Fig. 9, we injected small current pulses into the model axon, producing brief fast trains of axonal spikes. As expected from similar simulations of CA3 pyramidal cells (Draguhn et al. 1998), axonal spike trains produced somatic spikelets."pp.915-916 "The simulation of Fig. 10 shows that an axonal spike can, in principle, lead to a spike ADP, even without persistent gNa. This phenomenon could contribute to the relatively sharp spike ADPs that are sometimes shown in the literature, in neurons capable of FRB (e.g., Fig. 3.7B1 in Steriade 2001)."p.916 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig.9,10 | |||||
| Reference text | pp.915-916 | |||||
| Comments | ||||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1064201373 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1064194824 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1940208406 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -1633605921 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"To test this hypothesis, glutamate was iontophoresed at two dendritic sites. At each site the iontophoretic current was adjusted to evoke a all-or-none spike and plateau potential. The iontophoretic current at one site (e.g., the distal site in Fig. 9A) was delayed with respect to the iontophoresis at the other site so that response amplitudes before, during and after a period of simultaneous iontophoresis at both sites could be compared ... In Fig. 9A, transient Ca2+ spikes and plateaus of different amplitudes were evoked at the proximal site alone (373 µm from the soma; trace P) and at the distal site alone (580 µm from the soma; trace D). During the period of combined simultaneous iontophoresis (trace C), the amplitudes of both the initial transient Ca2+ spike and the plateau were nearly identical to those evoked by the proximal iontophoresis alone ... In each of four cells tested, simultaneous iontophoresis on proximal and distal sites produced similar results: the simultaneous iontophoresis evoked a plateau whose amplitude was similar to that evoked by the proximal iontophoresis alone. These experiments suggest that, in addition to limiting glutamate-evoked currents in the plateau-generating region, plateaus can also isolate the soma from glutamate currents generated in more distal regions."p.522 "The summing properties of dendritic currents that do not flow through a plateau region was tested by glutamate iontophoresis on separate dendrites. Figure 9B shows plateaus evoked individually by iontophoresis on a basal dendrite 128 µm from the soma (trace B) and on the apical dendrite 580 µm from the soma (trace A). An initial Ca2+ spike preceded the plateau evoked on the apical dendrite (trace A), but, as described in the preceding text, transient Ca2+ spikes never preceded plateaus evoked on basal dendrites ... During the period of simultaneous iontophoresis on both dendrites, membrane potential both at the peak of the initial Ca2+ spike and during the plateau was more depolarized than during the response evoked by iontophoresis on the apical dendrite alone ... The depolarization evoked by simultaneous iontophoresis at both dendrites in Fig. 9B was smaller than the algebraic sum of the depolarizations evoked by the individual iontophoresis on each dendrite ... Thus we ascribe the sublinear summation of the individual plateaus during the simultaneous iontophoresis in Fig. 9B to the same mechanishm, namely, outward rectification in the soma membrane."pp.522-523 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 9 | |||||
| Reference text | pp.521-523 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -1633605921 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1940208406 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1940208406 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | -1403035255 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"Sites on the fine branches of the distal apical tuft could not be tested because K+-Lucifer xellow dye did not diffuse to these sites in high enough concentration to visualize them accurately within the time frame of the experiments. However, sites beyond the primary apical branch point could be visualized. In the experiment of Fig. 8B, an iontophoretic electrode was placed at a site 730 µm from the soma (~200 µm beyond the primary apical branch point), and a plateau (preceeded by a transient Ca2+ spike) was evoked (trace 2). Plateau were evoked beyond the primary apical branch point at 14/15 sites tested in 14 cells."p.520-521 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 8 | |||||
| Reference text | pp.520-521 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | -1403035255 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons.ID Ref. | 1940208406 | ||||
|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1940208406 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 40296339 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"Previously, it was found that plateaus at some sites could be blocked completely (but reversibly) by either Cd2+ or TTX (Schwindt and Crill 1999). Thus the possible dependence of the plateau on inward current flowing through other types of ion channels was also investigated. A role for the persistent Na+ current at some sited was indicated by the blockade of plateaus after the addition of 1 µM TTX in 3 of 15 cells tested."p.518 |
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| Reference figures | - | |||||
| Reference text | p.518 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
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Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 40296339 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1940208406 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1940208406 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 180206585 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"The abolition of the plateau by 200 µM Cd2+ was observed in each cell tested in this study (n = 6), which identifies it as dependent on Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (cf. Schwindt and Crill 1999)."p.518 |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 6 | |||||
| Reference text | p.518 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 180206585 | ||||
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Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1940208406 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1940208406 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 189932712 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"Plateaus were evoked on apical-oblique dendrites at 7/9 sites tested in seven cells. In Fig. 8C, a plateau was evoked when the iontophoretic electrode was placed 20 µm out on an ablique dendrite that arose from the apical dendrite at 60 µm from the soma. To observe the underlying plateau, it was necessary to hyperpolarize the soma with DC current to block Na+ spikes. In this cell iontophoresis on the apical dendrite within 100 µm of the soma did not evoke all-or-none responses. Thus the all-or-none response of Fig. 8C was not caused by glutamate diffusion to the apical dendrite."p.521 |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 8 | |||||
| Reference text | p.521 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 189932712 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1940208406 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1940208406 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 515071704 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"Current flowing through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channels also can evoke regenerative responses in neocortical neurons (Flatman et al. 1986) as a consequence of the N-shaped current-voltage relationship of NMDA-sensitive glutamate receptor channels in the presence of Mg2+ (Nowak et al. 1984). A role for current through NMDA-sensitive channels at some sites was indicated by the abolition of plateaus by 100 µM AP-5 in two of five cells tested."p.518 |
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| Reference figures | - | |||||
| Reference text | p.518 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 515071704 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1940208406 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1940208406 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1004788506 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"Focal iontophoresis of glutamate was used to depolarize site on the apical dendrite up to 730 µm from the soma, and the evoked firing patterns were studied...At sites >200 µm from the soma (32 sited tested), low-amplitude iontophoretic currents evoked regular spiking (Fig. 2, A and B). Increasing the iontophoretic current to a critical value evoked a complex firing response that consisted of an initial epoch of burst firing followed by a longer period of regular spiking (n = 27/32 sites, Fig. 2C). During the initial burst firing epoch, each burst of two to four spikes were separated by large hyperpolarizing afterpotentials (Fig. 2, C and D) ... Increases in iontophoretic current above the "threshold" value that first evoked the complex response reduced the number of initial bursts and increased the duration of the later regular spiking ... Once complex firing was evoked, further increases in iontophoretic current did not increase the rate of regular spiking ... Evidence presented in the following text will show that this apparent saturation of firing rate is not caused by a saturation of the cell's firing mechanism nor by a saturation of the iontophoretic system nor by a saturation of the glutamate receptors at the dendritic site. Rather, as shown previously (Schwindt and Crill 1999), it is caused by the initiation of a localized, all-or-nothing, long-duration Ca2+ spike (a plateau)."pp.516-517 "To study the properties of current flowing from dendrite to soma, a glutamate iotophoresis that evoked a complex response was combined with at hyperpolarization of the soma (by current injection through the recording pipette) to reduce or eliminate Na+ spiking. This procedure revealed a late, long-lasting plateau depolarization that could be evoked all-(Fig. 5, 3)-or-none (Fig. 5, 1) by varying iontophoretic current strength ... Plateau amplitude (18 mV in Fig. 5) was measured as the difference between the peak depolarization during a plateau (indicated by - - - in Fig. 5) and the peak depolarization during a just-subthreshold response."p.518 "Figure 7A shows that plateau amplitude (measured at the soma as in Fig. 5) decreased with the iontophoretic distance from the soma along the apical dendrite. These data are fit with a line (least-squares method) having a slope of -2.5 mV/100 µm. The data of Fig. 7 are consistent with the decremental propagation of the plateau to the soma ... Similar evidence for decremental conduction, and its dependence on the activation of dendritic tetraethylammonium-dependent K+ currents, was obtained previously for the transient Ca2+ spikes (Schwindt and Crill 1999)."pp.519-520 |
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| Reference figures | Fig. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 | |||||
| Reference text | pp.516-520 | |||||
| Comments | Several plots of firing rate vs. time and iontophoretic current. | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1004788506 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
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Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1940208406 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1940208406 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1005052010 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"In contrast to the result of dendritic depolarization, depolarization of the soma either with injected current (n = 15) or with glutamate iontophoresis (n = 3) evoked only regular repetetive firing in every cell tested (Fig. 4, A-D) ... Iontophoresis of glutamate within the first 100 µm of the apical dendrite also evoked graded regular spiking and a linear frequency-current relation (n = 3, data not shown). Both current injected into the soma and glutamate iontophoresis on the soma could evoke a firing rate >=30% faster than the regular spiking rate evoked by dendritic iontophoresis in the same cell (n = 15 cells tested). Thus the saturation of the rate of late regular spiking during dendritic depolarization was due neither to saturation of the cells' spike-generating mechanism nor to a nonlinear iontophoretic system."p.517 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 4 | |||||
| Reference text | p.517 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1005052010 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1940208406 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1940208406 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1675734691 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"Plateaus were evoked on basal dendrites at 7/8 sites tested in seven cells. Figure 8D shows the all-(traces 2 and 3)-or-none (trace 1) initiation of a much smaller plateau on a basal dendrite 100 µm from the soma. Unlike the responses at other dendrites, no plateau evoked on a basal dendrite was preceeded by a Ca2+ spike. Plateaus could be evoked closer to the soma (50-100 µm) on basal dendrites than on the apical dendrite. All plateaus initiated in basal dendrites were much smaller than those initiated on the apical dendrite at comparable distances from the soma (Fig. 7, X)."p.521 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 7, 8 | |||||
| Reference text | p.521 | |||||
| Comments | - | |||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1675734691 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1940208406 | ||||
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID Neurons | 1957510085 | |||||
| ID Methods Electrophysiology | 1004972372 | |||||
| Pattern Type | RS | |||||
| Citations |
"Ninety-two visually identified layer 5 pyramidal neurons were studied in slices from 59 rats. ...and all recorded cells exhibited regular spiking (Connors and Gutnick 1990) in responce to depolarization of the soma by injected current. No intrinsic bursting or fast spiking cells (Connors and Gutnick 1990) were found."pp.515-516 |
|||||
| Reference figures | Fig. 1 | |||||
| Reference text | pp.515-516 | |||||
| Comments | ||||||
|
Methods Electrophysiology.ID Ref. | 1004972372 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties APduration.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rinput.ID Neurons Ref. | 1957510085 | ||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Rintra.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties TauM.ID Neurons Ref. | |||||
|
Neurons FiringProperties Vrest.ID Neurons Ref. | 1957510085 | ||||
|
Neurons.ID Ref. | 1957510085 | ||||